Introduction

The genus Euphorbia, also known as spurge, is one of the most diverse and widespread genera in the Euphorbiaceae family. Comprising over 2000 species, spurges range from low herbaceous plants to large shrubs and even trees. These plants are found in various ecosystems around the world and are adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. One of the unique features of spurges is their pollination method, which depends on several factors, including the structure of the flower and interaction with pollinators.

Morphological Features

Euphorbia flowers are distinguished by their unusual structure: instead of traditional petals and sepals, they have a structure called a cyathium. This structure combines several small flowers surrounded by brightly colored bracts, which attract pollinators. The cyathium includes several male flowers and one female flower, often separated to prevent self-pollination.

Pollination Mechanisms

Pollination of these plants depends on the species and may involve different strategies. Some species are wind-pollinated, with pollen being carried by air currents from one plant to another. However, most spurge species are pollinated by insects, especially bees, butterflies, and flies. These insects are attracted by the bright bracts and the nectar that the plants release during flowering.

Pollination in Collections

How are these plants pollinated in collections? We observe this during the flowering period, separating plants with male and female flowers. Pollen from the male plants is transferred with a brush onto the female plants. After fruit formation, the seeds must be wrapped in cotton – the seed capsule serves as a type of catapult, launching seeds about 2-3 meters around. Retained in the cotton fluff, the seeds remain inside and are then easily collected. Both fresh and several-months-old refrigerated seeds can be planted – the difference in germination is almost negligible. We will discuss the viability of old seeds next time.

Interaction with Pollinators in Nature

The pollination of spurges is closely linked to their interaction with pollinators. Many spurge species are adapted to specific insects, influenced by both the morphological characteristics of the flowers and the timing of blooming. For example, some species have evolved so that their peak blooming coincides with the period of highest activity of their primary pollinators.

Ecological Significance

The pollination of spurges is significant not only for the reproduction of the plants themselves but also for maintaining the biodiversity of the ecosystems in which they grow. Pollinators attracted to spurge often participate in the pollination of other plants, contributing to their reproduction and dispersion.

Conclusion

Euphorbia is a striking example of plant adaptation to various pollination conditions and interactions with insect pollinators. Studying these mechanisms helps not only to understand plant evolution but also to develop methods for conserving and managing biodiversity. In the context of global environmental changes, preserving such unique interactions becomes especially relevant.